block cannot run yet, as it is dependent on one or more blocks to complete; (ii) enqueued , meaning that any thread that beco mes idle can steal and run it; (iii) running , at some thread T i . Well known fact is that PostgreSQL and many other RDBMS lock write access on the table while the index is being created. RuntimeError: ERROR C25001 MVACUUM cannot run inside a transaction block Fxact. The longer it takes to create the index, the longer the system is unavailable or unresponsive to users. SQLAlchemy is a SQL tool built with Python that provides developers with an abundance of powerful features for designing and managing high-performance databases.. We’ll briefly explore how to use SQLAlchemy and then dive deeper into how to execute raw SQL statements from within the comfort of the Python domain language. VACUUM will skip over any tables that the calling user does not have permission to vacuum. There is a way to avoid the write-lock though. VACUUM cannot be executed inside a transaction block. Indexes on user tables are not processed. You cannot create a resource queue within a transaction block. Example: postgres=> begin; BEGIN postgres=> CREATE RESOURCE QUEUE test_q WITH (ACTIVE_STATEMENTS=3, PRIORITY=MAX); ERROR: CREATE RESOURCE QUEUE cannot run inside a transaction block The most prominent thing is most likely CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY. (Neither in SQL procedures, yet, as of Postgres 11. PG::ActiveSqlTransaction: ERROR: CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY cannot run inside a transaction block We can help any future developer that hits this by providing a hint, let’s modify our defense code to add a nice statement about it. It is not acceptable when your project is large enough to allow a downtime for such the small adjustment like a new index. This form of REINDEX cannot be executed inside a transaction block. c L2649 RPreventTransactionChain: VACUUM ... {CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_reservations_subscription_id ON reservations (subscription_id);} end def down execute %{DROP INDEX index_reservations_subscription_id} end end. For example, to create an index in PostgreSQL without locking a table, you can use the CONCURRENTLY keyword: It is not acceptable when your project is large enough to allow a downtime for such the small adjustment like a new index. Indexes on shared system catalogs are included. The index needs to be visible to other transactions … CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY is not supported in this fix due to complexity of multiple commits in the same transaction. That's also why functions are not exactly "stored procedures" (even though that term is used sometimes, misleadingly). Some database vendors provide a way to create an index without locking the table. Recreate all indexes on system catalogs within the current database. SYSTEM. There is a way to avoid the write-lock though. The thing is: CREATE INDEX is a single transaction – CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY is not – and therefore it cannot be run inside a normal transaction block. Some commands like VACUUM, CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY or CREATE DATABASE cannot run inside a transaction block, so they are not allowed in functions. For tables with GIN indexes, VACUUM (in any form) also completes any pending index insertions, by moving pending index entries to the appropriate places in the main GIN index structure. Recreate all indexes within the current database. Worst case, some nodes would have the indexes created and some, not, but this won't affect database operations. You can create the index concurrently. Indexes on shared system catalogs are also processed. Well known fact is that PostgreSQL and many other RDBMS lock write access on the table while the index is being created. 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